In 1919, Felix the Cat made his debut in "Feline Follies," created by Otto Messmer of Pat Sullivan's studio. Felix's popularity rivaled that of later Disney cartoon characters, especially among intellectual audiences. For the next decade, he remained the most beloved cartoon star. Additionally, Felix merchandise—such as toys, records, and stickers—gained immense popularity among children, establishing a film marketing model that continues to this day. As a result, Felix became the first American cartoon character to be widely merchandised.